W9 詞彙與定義

• Social Vulnerability Index

醫學領域：social factors related to older adults' health (Andrew MK, et al, 2008)

其它領域：「社會脆弱性 (Social Vulnerability Index)」指影響個人或團體「受災機率」與「災後恢復能力」的社會特徵 ( http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=254830 )。

• Social isolation

The objective absence or paucity of_contacts and interactions between a person and a social network (Gardner I, 1999). 

An objective lack of meaningful and sustained communication (Poscia et al, 2018).

A state in which the individual lacks a sense of belonging socially, lacks engagement with others, has a minimal number of social contacts, and they are deficient in fulfilling and quality relationships (Nicholson NR, 2012).

• Reflective measurement model vs formative measurement model 

A reflective measurement model happens when the indicators of a construct are considered to be caused by that construct. 

A formative measurement model happens when the measured variables are considered to be the cause of the latent variable.

Glossary 第5堂課

 

名詞	定義
Health behavior 健康行為	Personal attributes such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions, and other cognitive elements; personality characteristics, including affective emotional states and traits; and overt behavior patterns, actions and habits that relate to health maintenance, to health restoration and to health improvement
Health lifestyle 健康生活型態	Collective patterns of health-related behavior based on choices from options available to people according to their life chances.
Adherence 順從度	The extent to which a person’s behavior – taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider. *類似詞彙：compliance（但其意義是病人被動的接受醫囑，不了解疾病嚴重度與治療目的等醫療訊息）
Advance decision (AD) 預立醫療決定	指事先立下之書面意思表示，指明處於特定臨床條件時，希望接受或拒絕醫療照護、善終等相關意願之決定
Advanced Care Planning (ACP) 預立醫療照護諮商	指個案與醫療服務提供者、親屬或其他相關人士所進行之溝通過程，商討當個案處於特定臨床條件、意識昏迷或無法清楚表達意願時，對個案應提供之適當照護方式
Do not resuscitate (DNR) 不施行心肺復甦術	當病人罹患嚴重傷病，經醫師診斷認為不可治癒，而且病程進展至死亡已屬不可避免時，病人或家屬同意在臨終或無生命徵象時，不施行心肺復甦術（包括氣管內插管、體外心臟按壓、急救藥物注射、心臟電擊、心臟人工調頻、人工呼吸或其他救治行為）
Health inequities 健康不公平	健康所需的社會、經濟和環境條件有可避免的、系統性的不公正分配的現象
Health inequalities 健康不平等	源於生理先天因素、無法避免的差異，導致人群之間健康狀況的不同 *常會以health inequalities概括代表健康不公平與不平等
Health disparities 健康差異	組間健康狀況的發生率和流行率有差別
Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT)	A software application that facilitates the assessment of within-country health inequalities.
Health literacy 健康識能	利用諸多不同的技能以獲取、理解、表達及使用資訊，以對自己的健康做出正確的決策

Glossary 第4堂課

名詞	定義
Social determinants of health (SDOH) 健康之社會決定因素	The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
Racism 種族主義/歧視	The belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or qualities, especially so as to distinguish them as inferior or superior to one another.
Segregation 隔離	The policy of keeping one group of people apart from another and treating them differently, especially because of race, sex, or religion.
Social economic status (SES) 社會經濟地位	The position or standing of a person or group in a society as determined by a combination of social and economic factors that affect access to education and other resources crucial to an individual’s upward mobility.
Social capital 社會資本	The aggregate of the actual or potential resources, which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition. It is not depleted by use but rather by its nonuse.
Social support 社會支持	The emotional and practical help and positive feedback provided by various members of the network (alters) to the focal person (ego).

Glossary 第2堂課

名詞	定義
Social Defeat 社交挫敗	Conflict between members of the same species that generates emotional and psychological stress and increased social distance.
Social Cognition 社會認知	The way in which people process, remember, and use information in social contexts to explain and predict their own behavior and that of others. Or, a complex set of mental abilities underlying social stimulus perception, processing, interpretation, and response.
Social Interaction 社會互動	Process involving reciprocal response between two or more individuals. This includes the development of cooperation and competition, the influence of status and social roles, and the dynamics of group behavior, leadership, and conformity.
Social Adjustment 社會適應	Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996). also called "social adaptation" the adjustment of individual and group behavior to conform with the prevailing system of norms and values in a given society, class, or social group.
Adjustment Disorders 適應障礙症	Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.

Glossary 第1堂課

名詞	定義
Medical sociology 醫療社會學	The study of the social causes and consequences of health and illness. It also includes the sociological analysis of medical organizations and professions. It is also called "health sociology".
Social Health 社會健康	The ability of individuals to interact and form meaningful relationships with others; one of the indicators/dimensions of health; affecting the other dimensions of health. *類似詞彙：social wellness, social wellbeing (or well-being) 社交健康
Social Determinants of Health 健康之社會決定因素	The non-medical factors & non-mental factors that influence health outcomes. e.g. the place where people are born, grow, live, work and age. They include factors like socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood and physical environment, employment, and social support networks, as well as access to health care.
Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) 電腦適性測驗	A flexible, computer‐driven assessment that can use any items in the item bank to assess a domain of interest. CAT selects only those items that sharpen the estimate of a respondent’s score on the domain being assessed. CAT length varies but usually includes 4~7 items. Ideally, a CAT can achieve both precise and fast assessments.
Quality of Life 生活品質	The degree of overall satisfaction that a person gets from life. Subjective, personal feeling on functioning and well-being.

Note: item bank 題庫